THE MURMANSK RUN IN WWII

An overview by Tom Bowerman, a participant

A Poster from the Russian Front . The translation is: 'Fight the Fascist Beast'.

Stalin's Broadcast after the Nazi invasion PartI,PartII. Listen tp Churchill's analysis in 1943.Listen to Woody Guthrie singing Miss Pavlichenko, from WWII.

As long as men write about the dangers of the seas and the heroic
deeds of those who take their ship into battle against long odds,
they will tell tales of the "Murmansk Run" in World War II, when
merchant ships steamed into the stormy Arctic with supplies for the
Russian front. It was then that the new Libertys went into battle
for the first time and, along with their older companions, faced a
relentless enemy as they fought through to the Barents Sea and the
White Sea to reach the distant Russian supply ports of Archangel and
Murmansk.

This supply route was absolutely vital to the Russians if they were
to hold out against the Nazi offensive. Without the Allied ships
that made the voyage with products from the American war arsenal,
the Russians may well not have beaten back the German invasion.

The only other deepwater route to Russia terminated in the Persian
Gulf ports, but the rail lines and roads that ran from the Gulf to
the interior of Russia would, because of their length and their
limited capacity, have been unable to carry the vast amount of
munitions and food needed by the Russians. All other supply routes
were under German control. Ships had to make the Murmansk run to
keep Russia in the war.

Above: a 1943 Studebaker truck fou d in Russia in 1943. Below: The truck in its prime. Some parts were shipped to the USSRand the remainder, and the assembly, were made there.

A voyage to North Russia was never a routine affair, for there was
always the hazards of storms and arctic ice, whether or not the ship
faced enemy attack. From a day or two after leaving the points of
departure--Loch Ewe in northern Scotland, or Reykjavik in
Iceland--ships could expect submarine surveillance or attack while
they steamed 1,600 miles from Scotland to Murmansk or 1,500 miles
from Reykjavik to the same port.

Convoys, and in a few cases unescorted merchantmen, sailed within
easy striking distance of German air bases spaced strategically
along the coast of Norway from Bodo, just above the Arctic Circle,
to Banak, a short distance from North Cape. Added to the threat of
planes and submarines was the constant possibility of a foray by
German capital ships or destroyers based at Trondheim and various
fjords along the coast. The battleships Tirpitz and Scharnhorst and
the battlecruisers Admiral Scheer and Admiral Hipper were a force in
being that, while never attaining its potential for destruction on
the convoy routes, did serve effectively to tie down a powerful
segment of the British Home Fleet through a good part of the war.
The Allies failed to realize that the principal purpose of this
fleet was not to harass the Russian convoys, but to defend Norway
against what Hitler believed was an inevitable Allied invasion.

Admiral Sir John Tovey, Commander-in-Chief of the British Home
Fleet, told the Admiralty that the Germans would do everything in
their power to stop the Russian convoys. This prediction certainly
proved true. Although the German capital ships spent most of their
time hiding in Norwegian fjords, waiting an expected invasion,
submarines and aircraft pressed their attacks against the convoys
until the end of the war. German destroyers were able adversaries,
too, accounting for a number of merchantmen and convoy escorts when
they accompanied the larger combat craft on convoy-hunting
expeditions.

The Collier, S.S. BLACK POINT, was torpedoed by the German submarine U-853 (Fromsdorf) at 1740 EWT on May 5, 1945 off Point Judith, Rhode Island while en route to Weymouth, Massachusetts with a cargo of 7500 tons of coal loaded in Newport News, Virginia. She was sailing unescorted.

These were by no means the only threats to ships making the Murmansk
run. During the short northern summer, 24 hours of daylight made it
possible for German aircraft to attack continuously from the time
ships came within striking range. Throughout the rest of the year,
the merchantmen and their hard-worked escorts, especially the
destroyers and smaller craft, had the world's worst weather to
contend with: spray that froze on topside surfaces, blinding snow,
driving sleet, and violent storms that tossed ships about and
hopelessly scattered convoys.

In a storm: Liberty ship Aquarius

Careful and well-planned convoy protection was often disrupted by
storms. From 24 to 27 March 1942, convoy PQ13 was scattered over 150
miles of ocean by a storm. Pack ice made matters even worse. In
those four days of trouble off North Cape, five merchant ships were
sunk by submarines and aircraft, and the British cruiser Trinidad
was damaged in a battle with German destroyers.

In the winter and spring of 1942, President Roosevelt and Harry
Hopkins, as well as Premier Josef Stalin, continually pressed the
English to step up the number and the size of convoys to Russia,
despite protestations by Winston Churchill and the Admiralty that
their naval forces, especially in the matter of destroyers, were
stretched to the limit.

Stalin sent an urgent message to Churchill in May of 1942 in which
he said, "I am fully aware of the difficulties involved and of the
sacrifices made by Great Britain in the matter (the Russian
convoys). I feel, however, incumbent upon me to approach you with
the request to take all possible measures in order to ensure the
arrival of the above-mentioned materials in the USSR in the course
of May as this is extremely important for our front."

The situation reached a climax that month. Dozens of Russian-bound
ships were waiting in Iceland, and Churchill approved a much-debated
plan to sail a convoy--pQ16, of 34 ships--in the latter part of that
month. "The operation is justified," he said, "if half gets
through."

There was Stalin's own assessment of the importance of these convoys
to Russia's ability to hold back the German invader. It is no
exaggeration, in the light of history, to say that the convoys kept
the Russians in the war. The Russian front was no less important to
the winning of the war than the Normandy landings or the invasion
of Okinawa.

The understandable British reluctance to accept the heavy losses to
merchantmen and escorts on this run, and the continued Russian and
American insistence that the convoys should move regardless of
losses, was a matter of contention that created bitter feelings and
suspicions despite the polite wording of official communiques.

The British viewpoint was expressed by Captain S. W. Roskill, R.N.,
who wrote in War at Sea that "the Russians never relieved the Home
Fleet of any appreciable share of responsibility for defending the
Arctic convoys." Neither, for that matter, did the United States,
where ardent protestations of the need to sail the ships was not
accompanied by any offer of escort craft to help see them through.
Indeed, the U. S. Navy was so woefully short of escorts and trained
personnel that it couldn't even protect Allied ships along the
Atlantic seaboard.

Forty convoys, with a total of more than 800 ships, including 350
under the U. S. flag, started on the Murmansk run from 1941 through
1945. Ninety-seven of those ships were sunk by bombs, torpedoes,
mines, and the fury of the elements. Were the Murmansk convoys
instrumental in keeping Russia in the war? They carried more than
22,000 aircraft, 375,000 trucks, 8,700 tractors, 51,500 jeeps, 1,900
locomotives, 343,700 tons of explosives, a million miles of field-
telephone cable, plus millions of shoes, rifles, machine guns, auto
tires, radio sets, and other equipment.

The first convoy to Russia--six English ships and one
Russian--sailed from Scotland in August of 1941 and delivered 15,000
tons of cargo without incident. The first Liberty ships to make the
Russian run were the R. H. Lee, Zebulon Vance, John Randolph, and
Francis Scott Key, which set out for Murmansk in the early convoys
of 1942.

"From Philadelphia to Murmansk," the deck log of the Francis Scott
Key began, when the voyage commenced in Philadelphia on 29 January
1942. But many months passed before the ship reached her
destination.

By March the Key was in Halifax, Nova Scotia, ready to join a
ten-knot convoy across the submarine-infested North Atlantic.

March 3, 1942, 11:00 a.m.--Stand by engines 12:00 noon. Anchor
aweigh. Standing out the river. ! :00 p.m., half ahead, pilot away.
Overcast and raining. Vessel pitching moderately. Shipping heavy
spray over all.

They were routine comments from a ship's log, but for vessels
outward bound on the Russian run they signalled a departure from
safe haven into a hazardous and stormy unknown; and for many a ship
and crew, a voyage of no return.

For anyone who has sailed in a freighter on the wintry North
Atlantic, these entries in the log will recall the sight of angry,
mountainous spray-topped seas and the sound of wind howling and
screeching through the stays.

March 4. Vessel rolling heavily. Overcast and heavy fog.

March 7. Sighted convoy and rejoined. Easterly gale.

March 9. Overcast. Fog banks. Vessel rolling heavily. Heavy N. E.
swells.

March 12. Ship pitching and rolling and shipping water over the
deck.

The Francis Scott Key was some 13 days reaching Greenock, Scotland,
a distance of 2,712 miles at a little better than 8 knots. There
she joined a convoy to Iceland, but collided with a destroyer en
route and missed the Murmansk convoy she had originally been
scheduled to join.

She sailed from Reykjavik on 26 April in convoy PQ15 of 23 ships,
which encountered intermittent air and submarine attack during the
nine-day run to Murmansk. The convoy lost only one freighter, blown
up and sunk by an aerial torpedo.

Five gangs of 40 men worked night and day, unloading the ship in
seven days. There were numerous German air raids at Murmansk but no
ships were damaged and the Francis Scott Key left on 21 May. She
reached Iceland on 29 May after a 1,615 mile run. The ship was back
in New York on 31 July, still lucky. But only two weeks out of New
York the Seattle Spirit, an old World War I Liberty-fleet ship
sailing with her, was torpedoed and sunk.

Long voyages and the constant danger of being sunk, especially in
winter weather, were hard on crews both physically and mentally. By
the time the Francis Scott Key arrived in New York, tempers were
raw. There were numerous fights among the men and one of the Armed
Guard detachment threatened to "blow the first mate's brains out"
for inadvertently showing a light while taking a nighttime bearing
on the bridge.

The John Randolph and Richard Henry Lee were the only Liberty ships
in convoy PQ16. On 24 May, the Lee reported floating mines while the
convoy was steaming through patches of thick fog. The mine warning
instantly put everyone on the alert and made it especially tough for
the black gang going on watch below. As soon as the fog lifted,
German bombers hit the convoy.

On the morning and forenoon watches of 25 May, about a dozen bombers
and torpedo-bombers attacked. One plane was shot down by the Lee's
Navy gun crew. Like most ships making the run at that time, the
Richard Henry Lee was armed only with light machine guns.

That evening the log recorded: "Air battle on again. All driven
away. This is no child's play. Battling is furious. Fog banks save
the day. Convoy fighting ice, mines, bombs, torpedoes and
submarines."

Next day a sub attack was followed by an air raid in which one ship
was sunk. "More blessed snow equalls," read the 1600 log entry.

On 27 May, a stick of bombs landed within 20 feet of the Richard
Henry Lee with no visible damage. The machine gunners ran out of
ammunition and had to broach the cargo for more. "During the
attack," the log noted, "our ship's carpenter died. J. Thompson--a
fine man. The raid was so heavy we only had time to cover him up
with some blankets."

At 1100 on 28 May a funeral service was conducted. Before the
Scripture reading was over, bombers roared in again and the crew
had to run for the guns. And at 2000 that night: "Here they come
again. Four bombs landed about 20 feet off the starboard side. Bomb
fragments all over the deck." Next day: "Rain and fog. This is the
kind of weather we like."

Courage and determination were bywords in the Murmansk run. "I had
little hope for her survival," said Commodore Onslow, senior officer
of the escort for convoy PQ16 after his ship, the Ocean Voice, had
been hit and set afire during mass air attacks. "But this gallant
ship maintained her station, fought the fire and, with God's help,
arrived at her destination. We were all inspired," he added, "by the
parade-ground rigidity of the convoy's station keeping, including
the Ocean Voice and the Stari Bolshevik (Russian), who were
billowing smoke from their foreholds."

A few convoys delivered their cargoes without incident, but for most
of them the Murmansk run meant either going down in battle or
fighting through with guns, seamanship, and devotion to duty. Almost
every ship that traveled this route gave her crew plenty of thrills
to remember. The first-trip Libertys shared adventures with ships
that were old before the ugly ducklings were hatched. All of them
had one common fault: they were too slow to outrun submarines.

Ships of the early convoys were usually too lightly armed to put up
much fight against air attack, but they fought valiantly with what
they had. The Michigan in PQ16 shot down two planes with her
meager armament. Gunners on the Expositor blew the conning tower off
a submarine. The Steel Worker struck a mine in Kola Strait. The
ammunition-laden Syros was torpedoed and disintegrated in one
terrifying blast. The Bateau was sunk in a running fight with German
destroyers. During convoy operations, merchant ships and escorts
shot down many enemy planes, but there was no way of establishing a
final score. Escorts sank the German submarines U88, U589, and U457.

Of all the convoys that made the Murmansk run, PQ17 has become the
most famous--and with good reason. It consisted of 33 merchant ships
when it left Reykjavik, Iceland, on 28 June 1942, headed for the
Denmark Strait, Archangel, and Murmansk.

Of the 21 U. S. ships, six were new Libertys: Christopher Newport,
William Hooper, John Witherspoon, Daniel Morgan, Samuel Chase and
Benjamin Harrison, all fresh from the yards. The others were
American ships under the Panamanian flag, plus British, Russian,
and Dutch ships.

At that time Russia was reeling before the German blitzkrieg, so
PQ17 was loaded with strategic materials urgently needed by the
Soviets--armor plate, steel, flour, canned goods, nickel, oil
stills, aluminum, cordite, TNT, aircraft parts, guns and planes.
Every ship carried a cargo worth a rajah's ransom.

For protection against attack by the German surface fleet, PQ17 had
a heavy escort: the British cruisers London and Nor/olk, and the U.
S. cruisers Wichita and Tuscaloosa, a gesture of aid to the British
and a token of camaraderie for the doubting Russians. The immediate
convoy patrol included destroyers, corvettes, two antiaircraft
ships, several armed trawlers, three rescue ships for picking up the
crews of sunken vessels, and two submarines. A covering force,
battleships HMS Duke o/ York and USS Washington, the carrier HMS
Victorious, three cruisers and numerous destroyers, had been
assigned to the general area over which the convoy was to travel,
but they remained well beyond the 300-mile flight range of German
aircraft.

This formidable escort did not deter the enemy. At 0230 on 4 July, a
Heinkel torpedo-bomber eluded a hail of fire from the corvette
Palomaris and torpedoed the Christopher Newport. The explosion
blasted a big hole in the engine room, and the men on watch drowned.
The survivors abandoned ship.

That evening, at suppertime, a flight of 24 twin-engine bombers
attacked, winging in no more than 20 to 30 feet above the sea.
Despite a curtain of fire, five planes managed to get in among the
convoy to torpedo the British freighter Navarino, the American
Liberty ship William Hooper, and the Russian tanker Azerbaijan. The
Navarino and Hooper sank.

Soon after that the convoy commodore hoisted an astonishing signal:
"Scatter fanwise. Proceed to destination at utmost speed." Some of
the captains could not believe the order and requested a repeat, but
there had been no mistake. The escort had been ordered to abandon
the merchant ships and their precious cargoes. Each vessel was to
proceed independently and the devil take the hindmost.

Long afterward, the mystified skippers learned the reason for their
abandonment. The British Admiralty believed that the German
battleship Tirpitz and battlecruiser Scheer had left their Norwegian
bases to intercept PQ17. Scattering the convoy was the best, but
tragic, alternative to having the Germans pounce on all the ships in
one compact group, a target which their big guns would have
eliminated in short order. The cruisers were withdrawn to keep them
from being part of the expected sacrifice. The USS Washington and
HMS Duke of York, with the Victorious and the cruisers, were not
brought forward for fear they might be sunk by planes or submarines,
thus freeing the German fleet for raiding operations in the North
Atlantic. Since the main hope of eliminating the German battleship
threat was through a decisive surface action, such timidity in
refusing to employ Duke of York, Washington, and Victorious has been
questioned in the years since. But cold facts at the time dictated
the necessity of hazarding merchant ships rather than battleships
and cruisers. The scattered convoy, as it turned out, only became
easier victims for planes and submarines, and by 7 July, 18
freighters and 100,000 tons of cargo had been sent to the bottom.

The Daniel Morgan and the American freighter Fairfield City were
making for Nova Zembla when Junkers bombers attacked and sank the
latter. During this attack, nine sticks of bombs fell around the
Morgan. Despite the fact that her 3-inch gun crew had been at battle
stations for more than 24 hours without rest, they splashed two of
the attackers. But many near-misses ruptured a number of hull plates
and the Morgan was taking water fast. The crew abandoned ship, after
which a submarine torpedoed her and she went down. The U-boat
surfaced and gave the crew a course to steer to the nearest land.
They were soon picked up by the Russian tanker Donbass and helped
man the guns on that ship, shooting down one more bomber before they
reached the White Sea.

As the remnants of PQ17 limped on, German attacks continued. On the
afternoon of 5 July, the radio operator of the Samuel Chase logged
these transmissions on the progress of the battle:

Unidentified ship: "Two subs attacking."
SS Washington: "Being dive bombed."
Unidentified ship: "Have just been torpedoed."
Unidentified ship: "Attacked by seven planes."
SS Daniel Morgan: "Under heavy attack."
SS Pan Kraft: "Under attack by aircraft."

On 10 July, while making a last-leg dash from Nova Zembla toward the
White Sea, the Chase was attacked by six Junkers 88s. According to
her log not all the fighting was done by the Germans:

Received six near misses within 60 yards of the ship. Snapped steam
lines to main engine and auxiliaries. Ship lay dead in water.
Compass knocked from the binnacle. Taken in tow by corvette at 1534
hours. Planes over again. Dive bombers driven away by ack-ack. Two
shot down.

Of PQ17's original 33 ships, only 11 finally delivered their
cargoes. Of the six Libertys, only Samuel Chase and Benjamin
Harrison reached Murmansk. As Churchill so aptly put it, PQ17 was
"one of the most melancholy episodes in the whole of the war."
Regrets over errors in judgment could not bring back the ships, the
men, or the vast amount of cargo sent to the bottom with the unpro-
tected ships of this unfortunate convoy, but the Admiralty vowed
that no such disaster would befall the next convoy--PQ18--to make
the Murmansk run.

That fleet of 39 merchantmen left Loch Ewe, Scotland, on 2 September
with one of the heaviest escorts ever assigned to any convoy of
comparable size throughout the war. The convoy included Liberty
ships Esek Hopkins, Nathaniel Greene, Oliver Ellsworth, Virginia
Dare, William Moultrie, and Patrick Henry. In addition to merchant
ships, there were two fleet oilers, a rescue ship, and an oiler and
three minesweepers assigned for transfer to the Russians.

For defense against submarines there were two destroyers, two
submarines, four corvettes, three minesweepers, and four trawlers.
Two antiaircraft ships steamed along inside the convoy columns for
defense against air attack. Further protection against air attack or
a sortie by capital ships was provided by the aircraft carrier HMS
Avenger, escorted by four destroyers.

Fearing, and yet halfway hoping, that the Germans might hazard an
attack on the convoy by a battleship or battle cruiser, the
Admiralty had also given PQ18 an independent force of 16 destroyers
accompanied by the cruiser Scylla, their prime mission being to
attack and torpedo the Tirpitz, Scharnhorst, or Scheer.

Further protection against a heavy ship attack was a cruiser
covering force that included the Norjolk, Su#olk, and London. Also
available, in case of emergency, were the cruisers Sheffield and
Cumberland and one destroyer, which were accompanying a convoy on
a supply mission to Spitzbergen. The battleships Anson and Duke of
York, escorted by the cruiser Jamaica and five destroyers, were
deployed to the westward, safely beyond German bomber range.

As an added precaution, the Admiralty had ordered submarine patrols
off the Lofoten Islands and the coast of Norway to spot any foray by
the Tirpitz or her companions and, if possible, to torpedo them as
they sortied.

Such formidable protection did not discourage the enemy. The German
submarine U589 torpedoed the Oliver EUsworth on 13 September, and
from then on the ships of PQ18 kept their men constantly at battle
stations as they fought off day and night attacks by bombers and
submarines.

Most ships on the Murmansk run carried TNT or ammunition, so their
crews knew full well that a torpedo or bomb hit could send a ship
and all aboard her to Kingdom Come in one terrible, all-consuming
blast. So it was on 14 September. Every ship in the convoy was busy
that day. One attack by 40 bombers sank eight ships. The American
freighter Mary Luckenbach, carrying 1,000 tons of TNT, was hit by an
aerial torpedo. Little was left of the vessel except a pillar of
smoke when rescue craft arrived to look for survivors. According to
the Esek Hopkins, the torpedo was dropped by a burning plane and the
explosion of the Luckenbach destroyed that plane and another as
well.

The blast effect shook the nearby American ship Scoharie as though
she had been torpedoed, throwing men flat on the deck and hurling
fragments of steel from bow to stern. On the Nathaniel Greene, the
blast threw gunners from their stations, smashed crockery in the
galley, broke doors, and showered the vessel with debris, including
shell casings from the Luckenbach's guns.

Captain George Vickers of the Nathaniel Greene had just swung his
ship away from one of several aerial torpedoes when the Luckenbach
blew up. He thought at first that his ship had been hit and ordered
the crew to lifeboat stations.

Captain Richard Hocken of the William Moultrie, steaming in the same
column immediately astern of the Luckenbach, said that when his ship
passed over the spot, "there was nothing left of her at all--not
even a raft--no wreckage, not even a match box; hardly a ripple on
the surface of the sea."

With more luck than some and thanks to her captain's leadership and
a courageous crew, the Moultrie came through the voyage safely.
Hocken received the Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal and
this citation:

His ship, the S.S. William Moultrie, in a convoy which suffered
heavy losses, fought through a week of continuous attacks by enemy
bombers and submarines to deliver her cargo of war material to a
North Russian port. In the course of the long, running battle, the
ship was directly attacked 13 times and was credited with downing
eight planes and with scoring hits on 12 others. During the first
attack on the convoy, the William Moultrie distinguished herself by
shooting down three torpedo planes and assisting in the destruction
of six more. The following day her guns shot down four more of the
attacking planes and damaged five. Later, after successfully
repelling another attack by planes, four torpedoes were sighted
heading for the ship. The guns fired on them, exploding one and the
other three were eluded by skillful seamanship.

Captain Hocken, master of a gallant ship and a gallant crew, ex-
hibited qualities of leadership and high courage in keeping with the
finest traditions of the U. S. Merchant Marine.

The Virginia Dare was a new Liberty ship on her maiden voyage, yet
her green crew was credited with shooting down or assisting in the
destruction of seven bombers. The Nathaniel Greene shot down several
planes that day. Her Armed Guard officer, Lieutenant (junior grade)
R. M. Billings, described the action:

Upwards of 25 torpedo planes attacked the port flank of the convoy
and some of them went for the aircraft carrier. At about 1355 a
swarm of torpedo planes were sighted near the water in front of the
convoy on the starboard side ... the planes circled and came in
directly at us, and we opened fire with everything we had ... one
plane crossing our bow received a direct hit from our three inch gun
and crashed in the water. Two more planes were shot down by our
machine gun fire as they went down the port side and another plane
was shot down on the starboard side. The planes were so close you
couldn't miss with a machine gun.

Convoy PQ18, after fighting nearly all the way, arrived at its
destination on 21 September with 20 ships. Planes and U-boats had
sunk 13. Eight American ships went down--the Liberty Oliver
Ellsworth, and the Kentucky, Mary Luckenbach, Oregonian, Wacosta,
John Penn, AJricander, and Macbeth, an American ship flying the
Panamanian flag. The convoy paid a heavy price in ships and cargo,
but it also exacted a heavy toll from the enemy that, along with
urgent demands upon the Germans for more aircraft elsewhere,
discouraged further mass air attacks against heavily protected
Murmansk convoys.

Getting to Russia was only part of the job. Some ships spent so much
time waiting to unload in the crowded ports that the crews began to
feel like Soviet citizens. The crew of the Yaka, at Murmansk,
sweated out 156 air raids whine off-loading cargo. The Ironclad ran
aground at Archangel and was given to the Russians. The Libertys
Thomas Hartley, Francis Scott Key, and Israel Putnam spent nearly
eight months unloading, and endured many air attacks. Hartley was
credited with three kills. The John LaFarge and John Ireland also
shot down enemy bombers. Men learned enough Russian to ask, "How
about the next dance?" or "Do you have a husband?" They hitchhiked
around the forbidding countryside and some managed to get as far as
200 miles inland before being escorted back to their ships. Finally,
in September 1943, the five Libertys steamed down Kola Strait and
headed for home.

After the heavy losses of convoys PQ17 and PQ18, it was decided to
try to sneak some ships through unescorted. The Liberty ships Hugh
Williamson, John H. B. Latrobe, John Walker, Richard B. Alvey, and
William Clarke were dispatched from Iceland in this fashion in
October and November of 1942.

The William Clark, with a cargo of planes, tanks, auto tires,
ammunition, and a crew of 71 men, was an easy mark for a waiting
U-boat shortly after noon on 4 November. The sky was overcast, with
a moderate sea running. Visibility was seven miles. The first
torpedo hit amidships, flooding the engine room. The order was given
to abandon ship, and after the lifeboats pulled away, two more
torpedoes broke the vessel in two and sent her to the bottom. The
St. Elstan and the Cape PaUister picked up the 41 survivors.

Of 13 ships that were sent off independently to Russia in the fall
and winter of 1942, three turned back, four were sunk, one was
wrecked, and five arrived safely at Murmansk. Out of 23 ships that
sailed independently from Murmansk for Iceland, only one was sunk.

Another epic voyage was made by the Richard Bland, a new Liberty
that sailed from Philadelphia on 1 May 1942. She left Halifax on 14
May in a 42-ship convoy for the United Kingdom, but with nine
other ships, broke off from the main convoy ten days later enroute
for Iceland, assembly point for the Murmansk convoys.

In Iceland the Bland swung at anchor for a full month until the high
command had made up its mind about sailing another Murmansk fleet.
On 27 June she left with PQ17, ran into fog, hit some heavy ice,
stove in the forepeak, then ran aground on rocks. Towed to
Reykjavik, she spent several weeks discharging cargo and undergoing
temporary repairs. Then she sailed to Loch Ewe, Scotland, to
discharge cargo, have her hull repaired, and load the cargo again.
She finally reached Murmansk on 27 December.

On 1 March 1943, the Bland left Russia in convoy JW51A, which
included J. L. M. Curry and Richard Bassett. At 0927 on the morning
of 5 March, the American freighter Executive and the Bland were both
torpedoed by a submarine. Bland dropped out of the convoy but for
some reason the U-boat failed to finish her off and she rejoined
just in time to help fight off an attack by a dozen Heinkel 111s. A
stick of four bombs missed the Bland by a few skips and a jump.

The next night a heavy gale with 40-knot winds scattered the convoy
and by dawn Bland had lost it completely. The bridge steering gear
went out and crewmen struggled to keep on course with emergency
steering from the after steering platform. The heavy weather
continued for several days.

On 10 March, in intermittent snow squalls, poor visibility, and
heavy seas, lookouts sighted a submarine periscope astern and
seconds later a torpedo exploded in number four hold. Before the
stern gun could be swung onto the target, thick snow obscured it.
Another torpedo just missed the stern.

Expecting the submarine to try again, the captain decided to abandon
ship by lowering the two boats on the windward side, and bringing
them along the leeward side. But in the heavy wind and sea the men
lost control and the boats, each with four men on board, disappeared
in the driving snow.

There were not enough boats left for the 60 men still aboard ship,
so the captain announced that some would have to remain aboard with
him, hoping that the convoy escorts would answer their SOS. "I don't
think she'll sink unless they put another torpedo into us," he said.
A few minutes later the German submarine did exactly that.

Navy Lieutenant William A. Carter, a passenger, saw the torpedo
coming.

When it hit we were surrounded by flames and water poured down on
us. We [Carter and Ensign E. J. Neely, the Armed Guard commander]
made our way to the boat deck and I ran through a sheet of flame to
the port side, then down a ladder to the main deck. The boat
[lifeboat] came past and I jumped in and managed to hang on, though

I had my leg caught between the ship's side and the boat. I
struggled to get the boat clear of the ship in heavy seas. Two men
were holding on to the side of the boat by me and I tried to get
them into the boat but their clothing was so heavy and the boat was
so crowded that three of us were unable to haul them over the side.
We held on to them as long as there was any use to hold on to them.

Ensign Neely jumped over the side. The third mate and the third
engineer reached for him and grabbed him but he was unconscious and
couldn't help himself. They lost him.

Soon after this, the ship broke in two just forward of the bridge;
the stern section sank in a few minutes, the forward half floated
free.

Carter's lifeboat was so crowded there was only a few inches of
freeboard--too crowded even to row. The third mate put out a sea
anchor and organized a bailing squad that kept the half-swamped
craft afloat until the wind and seas began to abate.

The men bailed all night, although several of them were nearly
inert, apparently from shock. They signalled with flashlights, and
after about ten hours they were picked up by the British destroyer
Impulsive. Twenty-seven men were rescued from this lifeboat. Both of
the boats that had been carried away from the ship prematurely were
also picked up, with their eight occupants. The captain's boat was
never found.

The J. L. M. Curry, which sailed from Russia with the Richard Bland,
got caught in the same gale, on 6 March, and as she smashed into a
heavy head sea there was a report like gunfire: the hull had
cracked. An inspection showed ominous looking fissures in the deck
forward and aft of number three hatch and at the after end of number
four hatch. Captain Johnson decided to keep going but asked the
convoy commodore to assign an escort to stand by.

Their situation was dismal at best. "Thick snow squalls. Heavy
westerly sea," said the log. "Ship rolling and plunging." Shortly
after midnight there was a new break on the starboard side of the
afterdeck. The forward deck was opening up all the time, and the sea
condition was becoming more serious.

Captain Johnson still hoped to get the ship to Reykjavik, but in
order not to risk the lives of all on board, he decided to send away
all but a skeleton crew and so signalled to the St. Elstan, a small
British escort ship.

The next morning a new split ran through the starboard deep tank at
the bottom of number three hold. By 0830 the Curry was "working very
badly in all breaks."

The rest of the story was in the log of HMS St. Elstan, which picked
up the narrative of events from the log of the sinking freighter.

0830 a.m. LL.M. Curry prepared to abandon ship.

0915. First boat away. Picked up boat's company and proceeded to
screen J.L.M.C.

1000. Two more boats picked up.

1100. Motor boat making three trips with remaining crew. Last boat
alongside at 1112 with master on board.

1115. Opened fire on J.L.M.C. with four inch, using S.A.P. and H.E.
Three shells in engine room on starboard side. Holes below water
line. Spurted oil from fuel tanks. Three shells in number two hold;
under forward gun and under master's accommodations, setting fire to
latter.

1204. Opened fire on port side of J.L.M.C., setting fire to bridge
and midships accommodations. Ceased firing after dropping depth
charges from starboard thrower to a position on port side amidships
Ship last seen listing 30 degrees to starboard and sinking.

If Johnson had not decided to abandon ship when he did, it would
have been too late, for in another twelve hours the storm had grown
to a full gale, with violent snow squalls and high swells,
conditions that might have made it impossible to get lifeboats
away from the sinking ship.

Soon after the St. Elstan had picked up the Curry's crew, the
American freighter Puerto Rican, in the same convoy, sent an SOS.
She had been torpedoed and was sinking fast. The St. Elstan was
ordered to search for her, and passed through an extensive oil
patch; found an empty and waterlogged lifeboat, but no survivors. It
was learned later that the Puerto Rican had straggled from the
convoy during the storm and was 25 miles astern when she was
torpedoed. Only one boat could be lowered because the davits and
ropes were coated with ice, but it could not be released from the
falls and capsized, throwing its occupants into the sea. Eight men
swam to a small raft, which was found by the St. Elstan two days
later. By then, only one man was alive.

When the ship was hit, he had taken time to don one of the
neck-to-toe rubber survival suits with which American ships on the
Russian run were equipped. The suit saved his life, but his feet
were frozen and had to be amputated in a hospital in Iceland.

While searching for survivors of the Puerto Rican, the St. Elstan
took time to shepherd the Liberty ship J. H. B. Latrobe, straggling
from the convoy with steering-engine trouble and a damaged
propeller. That made a second close call for the Latrobe; running
alone from Iceland toward Murmansk on 5 November 1942, she had been
attacked by eight German torpedo planes. All eight torpedoes missed,
because, perhaps, of a stream of fire from the Liberty's guns. After
the planes left, the officers decided that, since their position was
known, there would be another and probably heavier attack and that
it would be folly to go on. The Latrobe returned to Reykjavik to
await a convoy, a decision that saved some 7,000 tons of trucks,
planes, heavy machinery, food, and guns worth many millions of
dollars.

Another ship nearly done in by weather on the Russian run was the
James Bowie, whose crew learned what it meant to fight for survival
against the fury of the sea. The ship left Loch Ewe on 15 February
1943 in a convoy bound for Murmansk but had to change course four
days later when "mountainous seas and strong winds" loosened the
lifeboats and shifted the deck cargo.

Four days later there was "a loud jarring report" and the engine
room reported an 18-inch-wide crack in the hull. Water was pouring
into the engine spaces. All bilge pumps were cut in to handle the
flood.

An inspection showed that the break extended from the main deck
through the store room above the engine spaces and down into the
engine room. According to the voyage report they were from then on
their own:

Convoy out of sight. Master ordered all ships personnel out on deck
at lifeboat stations with lifejackets on. Deck department rigged
heavy wire cables drawn taught with turnbuckles and winches to hold
the break. Cable was drawn from bitt at number three hatch to bitt
at number four hatch. We proceeded with all possible speed to Loch
Ewe for temporary repairs.

A piece of steel was welded over the split and the  James Bowie
later went to Newcastle-on-Tyne for a complete repair job.

The German battleship Scharnhorst, which had lurked in Norwegian
fjords for years threatening convoys, was finally lured to her
destruction off the north coast of Norway in December of 1943. The
bait was the 19-ship convoy JW55B, including Will Rogers and eight
other Libertys, bound from Loch Ewe, Scotland, to Murmansk and
heavily protected by cruisers, destroyers, and the Duke of York.
This mighty battleship was screening both northbound convoy JW55B
and southbound convoy BA55A, one or both of which, in the opinion of
the Admiralty, would be spotted by German submarine or air
reconnaissance and would be too tempting, under conditions of the
winter Arctic darkness, for the Germans to resist.

Unaware of the presence of Duke of York and eager to smash convoy
JW55B, the Germans dispatched the Scharnhorst from Altenfjord on
Christmas Day.

U-boats and bombers shadowed the convoy in advance of the sortie but
did no damage. The log of the Will Rogers for 23 December noted:
"General quarters. All men to battle stations. Two enemy aircraft
approaching on the port quarter. Escort vessels sent up effective
barrage, driving planes off."

On 26 December, the British cruiser Belfast made radar contact on
the Scharnhorst and alerted the Duke of York, still 125 miles
away. The Belfast, Sheffield, and Norfolk and escorting destroyers
stayed between the raider and the convoy, hoping Duke of York would
close the gap before the Scharnhorst's destroyer scouts sighted the
merchantmen. The British cruiser fired on the Scharnhorst briefly,
but the Germans, for some unknown reason, did not return the fire,
and the cruisers were undamaged.

The Duke o! York, making top speed in heavy seas, was headed on an
intercept course for the Scharnhorst, although neither ship was
aware of the fact at the time.

On the evening of 26 December, the Duke of York made radar contact
on the Scharnhorst, returning to Norway after failure to find the
convoy. Her protecting German destroyer had already gone home. Soon
after this Scharnhorst was illuminated by a parachute flare from the
Duke of York and the battle began.

For once Liberty ships were not in the fight, but some of them saw
it. Ensign John W. Broderick, armed guard officer on the Will
Rogers, watched from a distance, and saw gunfire and parachute
flares on the port beam. He knew that he was seeing a surface battle
between the escorts and enemy warships.

Aboard Will Rogers and the other merchantmen, sailors watched the
distant flashes of the guns, hoping the enemy ships would not break
through and run rampant through the "sitting ducks." For two hours
the orange-red streaks of flame lit the sky, while the freighters
rolled and plunged onward toward Murmansk and the Scharahorst
tried to evade the 14-inch shells of Duke of York. After 77 rounds
had been fired, British Admiral Fraser ordered the battleship to
cease fire and sent the cruisers Belfast and Jamaica and four
destroyers in to finish off the crippled Scharnhorst with torpedoes.
Only 36 men of her crew of 1,940 were picked up by the British. Not
one of her officers survived.

Although the Scharnhorst was gone, there was no pause in German
attempts to break up the Murmansk convoys. A submarine put two
torpedoes into the Penelope Barker enroute from Iceland to Murmansk
with convoy JW56A on 25 January 1944. The second explosion blew the
20-millimeter guns out of the tubs, knocked down the stack, blew two
lifeboats overboard, and partially destroyed the bridge. The ship
was loaded with tanks, locomotives, and flat cars, and went down in
ten minutes. Survivors were picked up by HMS Savage. Eleven men were
killed.

The British Liberty Samsuva, in convoy RA60 from Archangel to
Scotland on 29 September 1944, swerved to avoid hitting the Edward
H. Crockett when she was torpedoed by a German submarine. A minute
later the Samsuva was also torpedoed, and all the black gang on
watch were killed. The ship was then sunk by the HMS Corsica.
Survivors were taken aboard the Rathlin which, with the Zamalek,
rescued hundreds of men from torpedoed ships in the North Atlantic
and Arctic. The Crockett's crew, except for one man killed in the
engine room, were also picked up by the Zamalek; the ship was sunk
by friendly gunfire.

Planes and submarines haunted the convoys almost to the last days of
German participation in the war. The Horace Gray, carrying 7,500
tons of potash, was torpedoed on 14 February 1945 at the entrance to
Kola Inlet. She was beached at Tyuva Bay, a total loss, but with no
casualties. The Thomas Scott was torpedoed shortly after leaving
Kola Inlet en route to Scotland in convoy RA64. The 40 Norwegian
refugees on board, together with the merchant crew and armed guard,
were picked up by a British destroyer and were landed at Vianga,
Russia. A Russian destroyer attempted to tow the ship but it broke
up and sank.

A Russian salvage tug was successful in saving the Horace Bushnell
after she was torpedoed near the White Sea on 20 March 1945, in
convoy JW65. The engine room was demolished by the explosion, and
five men were killed. The Bushnell looked more like a submarine than
a ship by the time the tug beached her at Tereberski, and she
probably did not sail again, although there was one report the
Russians had salvaged and repaired her.

In the same convoy the Thomas Donaldson, carrying ammunition and
locomotives, was torpedoed with the loss of four men. Escorts took
her in tow, but she sank a few hours later.

The story of the Russian run had a 6tting finale in the last voyage
of the Henry Bacon, which left the White Sea in February of 1945 in
the 34-ship convoy RA64. On board were 35 Norwegian refugees--men,
women and children--who had fled to Russia during the Nazi invasion
and were being sent to England.

The convoy cleared North Cape and started down the Norwegian coast.
On 18 February a violent storm with 60-mile winds whipped up
turbulent seas and completely scattered the ships. By the time the
escorts had rounded up the strays, several freighters had been
torpedoed by U-boats. The British escort sloop Bluebell was sunk by
U711, with only one survivor.

Four days later another storm scattered the fleet again. Some ships
hove to, while others ran before tremendous seas that rolled a
British escort carrier 45 degrees and nearly sent her aircraft over
the side.

Again the escorts rounded up all the strays except the Henry Bacon,
which had lagged some 50 miles behind because of trouble with the
steering engine. It took the engineers several hours to make
repairs, and by the time the ship resumed her course she was a
tempting target for planes or U-boats. Captain Alfred Carini
back-tracked up the course for an hour hoping to find the other
ships, but with no luck. By that time he had not slept for 45 hours
and kept awake by pacing the bridge and drinking black coffee.

At 1415 on the afternoon of 25 February, the lookout in the crow's
nest reported: "Airplanes. Sounds like a lot of them."

Even against the whine of the wind, Carini could hear them and
sounded the general alarm. Men tumbled out of bunks and grabbed
helmets, lifejackets, and extra clothing for protection against the
wintry blasts of wind on the open deck. The steward mustered his
cooks and messmen to break out bandages, splints, and anesthetics,
covering the wardroom tables with blankets in preparation for
battle casualties. Below decks, all the black gang could do was
listen--and wait.

Gunners jerked the canvas covers off the guns none too soon. Big,
black Junkers 88s broke out of the overcast, flying 30 feet above
the wave tops. There was no need for the Armed Guard officer on the
bridge to give the order to fire. Every gun that could bear went
into instant action. Carini counted 23 planes. Twenty-three bombers
against one ship. Heavy odds for even a cruiser or a battleship.
Aircraft carriers had been sunk by fewer planes than this. There was
no nearby ship the Henry Bacon could call for help.

A bomber dropped a torpedo 500 yards away on the port quarter, and
Carini yelled, "Hard a port!" The helmsman spun the wheel hard over
and the torpedo just missed. Another plane started a torpedo run
several hundred yards off the bow and the 3-inch gun blew it to
bits. Pieces of flaming aircraft fell into the sea just off the bow.
Another plane flew into a wall of 20-millimeter shells which sliced
it in two and sent the pilot's compartment cartwheeling into the
sea. So many planes had only to persist to be successful against one
ship. A torpedo finally hit the Henry Bacon in number three hold
on the starboard side, forward. The vessel shuddered as a 50-foot
column of water shot up above the bulwarks. The spray was still
falling along the deck when the second torpedo hit. Carini ordered
abandon ship. If he waited any longer, a third torpedo might send
the vessel down without a chance to launch the boats. "Refugees
first," he called to the mate. "Get the passengers on the boat deck
as fast as you can. Tell them to bring lots of clothes." The German
bombers, seeing that their target was doomed, broke off the attack
and withdrew, with one skimming the wave tops as black smoke poured
from an engine.

The Bacon carried four lifeboats, plus a number of rafts, but men on
a raft would have little chance of survival in winter seas. Carini
maneuvered the ship to provide a lee for lowering the boats. They
would be lucky to get even two boats safely into the water.

The first boat lowered away successfully and pushed off. When the
second boat was safely overside, Third Mate Joseph Scott counted the
passengers. "I can take six," he shouted. "Six more ... and hurry."
Several merchant crewmen and Navy gunners climbed down into the boat
as it rose on the crest of a wave. The ship was settling and waves
were breaking over the bulwarks.

Chief Engineer Donald Haviland looked up at a young Navy gunner on
deck. The boy couldn't have been more than 17 years old. "Put me
alongside," he said to the third mate. "Let that kid have my place.
It won't matter so much if I don't get back."

Haviland climbed back to the deck while the sailor scurried down the
scramblenets into the boat, which pulled quickly away. The ship
was going down soon, and they didn't want to be sucked under with
her. A raft with several men on it bobbed some distance away. The
wind and waves were taking the lifeboats away from the ship, and no
pullling on the oars would bring them close enough to pick up the
men on the raft.

Men in the boats saw Haviland, Boatswain Halcomb Lammon, and several
other seamen on the foredeck, probably making a raft out of dunnage.
Captain Carini waved from the bridge. The boats drifted off into the
mist as the Henry Bacon, her ensign snapping proudly at the gaff,
settled slowly beneath the sea. By the time convoy escorts arrived
to look for survivors there were only a few boards and crates to
mark where the Henry Bacon and 22 of her men went down.

Said the Maritime Commission: "It was a splendid defense by a
merchant ship against overwhelming odds and of discipline of the
highest order amongst the ship's company." The men of the Henry
Bacon had added a gallant chapter to the history of the American
merchant marine.

But the heroic deeds of ships and men that braved the hazards of the
convoy routes to carry aid to Russia in World War II were soon
forgotten in Murmansk. Twenty-five years later, there is not a
single testimonial there to the Allied merchant seamen and their
naval comrades who died to keep supplies flowing to the Russian
front. The Murmansk museum contains many relics of World War II, but
no remembrance whatsoever of the wartime convoys or of the 97 ships
and countless men lost in making the hazardous Murmansk Run.

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