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Hawaiians and Corvallis

Above: Maui 1821 by C. Bensell

 

Hawaiians have been here from the beginning of the immigrations which have marked Corvallis and the Northwest the past 4 centuries. The Englishman John Meares bought slave women for his Chinese carpenters from the Hawaiian king Kamehameha I when he sailed for the Oregon coast in 1787 in the China fur trade.

It was Kamehameha I who unified the Islands, using a swivel cannon mounted on a double canoe and manned by 2 European prisoners whom he had befriended. The soldiers were themselves drilled by a Hawaiian sailor after a term of service on European ships. The hardships of the Wars of Unification, when chiefs regularly practiced 'scorched earth' policies, and the decimation by exposure to new diseases following encounters with non-Hawaiians (smallpox and measles were the worst, as they had been for native American peoples), reduced the population from an estimated 400,000 to 135,000 and led some to seek refuge abroad, working as sailors, trappers, cooks, and miners.

"At the top of the den there dwelt an old, melancholy, grizzled man of the name of Tari (Charlie) Coffin. He was a native of Oahu, in the Sandwich Islands; and had gone to sea in his youth in the American whalers; a circumstance to which he owed his name, his English, his down-east twang, and the misfortune of his innocent life. For one captain, sailing out of New Bedford, carried him to Nuka-hiva and marooned him there among the cannibals.

The motive for this act was inconceivably small; poor Tari's wages, which were thus economised, would scarce have shook the credit of the New Bedford owners. And the act itself was simply murder. Tari's life must have hung in the beginning by a hair. In the grief and terror of that time, it is not unlikely he went mad, an infirmity to which he was still liable; or perhaps a child may have taken a fancy to him and ordained him to be spared. He escaped at least alive, married in the island, and when I knew him was a widower with a married son and a granddaughter. But the thought of Oahu haunted him; its praise was for ever on his lips; he beheld it, looking back, as a place of ceaseless feasting, song, and dance; and in his dreams I daresay he revisits it with joy. I wonder what he would think if he could be carried there indeed, and see the modern town of Honolulu brisk with traffic, and the palace with its guards, and the great hotel, and Mr. Berger's band with their uniforms and outlandish instruments; or what he would think to see the brown faces grown so few and the white so many; and his father's land sold, for planting sugar, and his father's house quite perished, or perhaps the last of them struck leprous and immured between the surf and the cliffs on Molokai? So simply, even in South Sea Islands, and so sadly, the changes come.

Tari was poor, and poorly lodged. His house was a wooden frame, run up by Europeans; it was indeed his official residence, for Tari was the shepherd of the promontory sheep. I can give a perfect inventory of its contents: three kegs, a tin biscuit-box, an iron saucepan, several cocoa-shell cups, a lantern, and three bottles, probably containing oil; while the clothes of the family and a few mats were thrown across the open rafters. Upon my first meeting with this exile he had conceived for me one of the baseless island friendships, had given me nuts to drink, and carried me up the den 'to see my house' - the only entertainment that he had to offer.

He liked the 'Amelican,' he said, and the 'Inglisman,' but the 'Flessman' was his abhorrence; and he was careful to explain that if he had thought us 'Fless,' we should have had none of his nuts, and never a sight of his house. His distaste for the French I can partly understand, but not at all his toleration of the Anglo- Saxon. The next day he brought me a pig, and some days later one of our party going ashore found him in act to bring a second. We were still strange to the islands; we were pained by the poor man's generosity, which he could ill afford, and, by a natural enough but quite unpardonable blunder, we refused the pig. Had Tari been a Marquesan we should have seen him no more; being what he was, the most mild, long-suffering, melancholy man, he took a revenge a hundred times more painful.

Scarce had the canoe with the nine villagers put off from their farewell before the CASCO was boarded from the other side. It was Tari; coming thus late because he had no canoe of his own, and had found it hard to borrow one; coming thus solitary (as indeed we always saw him), because he was a stranger in the land, and the dreariest of company. The rest of my family basely fled from the encounter. I must receive our injured friend alone; and the interview must have lasted hard upon an hour, for he was loath to tear himself away. 'You go 'way. I see you no more - no, sir!' he lamented; and then looking about him with rueful admiration, 'This goodee ship - no, sir! - goodee ship!' he would exclaim: the 'no, sir,' thrown out sharply through the nose upon a rising inflection, an echo from New Bedford and the fallacious whaler. From these expressions of grief and praise, he would return continually to the case of the rejected pig. 'I like give present all 'e same you,' he complained; 'only got pig: you no take him!' He was a poor man; he had no choice of gifts; he had only a pig, he repeated; and I had refused it.

I have rarely been more wretched than to see him sitting there, so old, so grey, so poor, so hardly fortuned, of so rueful a countenance, and to appreciate, with growing keenness, the affront which I had so innocently dealt him; but it was one of those cases in which speech is vain. Tari's son was smiling and inert; his daughter-in-law, a girl of sixteen, pretty, gentle, and grave, more intelligent than most Anaho women, and with a fair share of French; his grandchild, a mite of a creature at the breast. I went up the den one day when Tari was from home, and found the son making a cotton sack, and madame suckling mademoiselle. When I had sat down with them on the floor, the girl began to question me about England; which I tried to describe, piling the pan and the cocoa shells one upon another to represent the houses, and explaining, as best I was able, and by word and gesture, the over-population, the hunger, and the perpetual toil. 'PAS DE COCOTIERS? PAS DO POPOI?' she asked. I told her it was too cold, and went through an elaborate performance, shutting out draughts, and crouching over an imaginary fire, to make sure she understood. But she understood right well; remarked it must be bad for the health, and sat a while gravely reflecting on that picture of unwonted sorrows. I am sure it roused her pity, for it struck in her another thought always uppermost in the Marquesan bosom; and she began with a smiling sadness, and looking on me out of melancholy eyes, to lament the decease of her own people.

 'ICI PAS DE KANAQUES,' said she; and taking the baby from her breast, she held it out to me with both her hands. 'TENEZ - a little baby like this; then dead. All the Kanaques die. Then no more.' The smile, and this instancing by the girl-mother of her own tiny flesh and blood, affected me strangely; they spoke of so tranquil a despair.

Robert Louis Stevenson, In the South Seas
Above: Hawaiian artifacts from Nootka, ca. 1787

A Hawaiian ambassador (ali'i) to Astoria, William Naukana, was appointed by Kamehameha I to look after the interests of the Hawaiians, or Sandwich Islanders,  there as indentured servants. 200 - half the Hudson's Bay Company workforce - at Fort Vancouver were Hawaiians, called Kanakas, as well as Owyhees - after whom The Owyhee mountains and river of Oregon are named. Kanaka Village was west of Vancouver, and was where the Indians, Kanakas and French Canadians employed by the Company lived.

 Kalama, Washington is named after a Hawaiian and a Kanaka led John Worth's expedition through Corvallis. A Hawaiian family was with Marcus Whitman's mission. Friday's Harbor in B.C. is named for Joe Friday, otherwise known as Joe Poalie.

The Sandwich Islands were a central stopping point in the developing China Trade as well as a place for the Hudson Bay Company to export lumber, meat, and wheat in exchange for coffee and sugars. The Hudson Bay Company was prohibited by Royal Charter from the China Trade (the East India Company had the monopoly) but American, Russian and Iberian ships made the Sandwich Islands a layover port for replenishing supplies. Chinese carpenters were imported by Kamehameha I. After unification, the Hawaiian monarch had built and bought ships which themselves sailed for China, with sandalwood for sale.

Chinese sailors were often on trading ships and they, like others, abandoned captains whom they disliked, settling in Hawaii with permission of the king. By the time Vancouver arrived, at the end of the 18th century, there were already a few immigrants on the islands, from both Europe and Asia.

Kamehameha I

Kamehameha I died in 1819. Two of his wives, Ka`ahumanu served as regents until the heir, Liholiho, came of age. The ancient religious laws were particularly galling to women, and when the 2 queens saw that foreigners did not respect these tabus, such as men and women eating together and equally, they declared the laws obsolete. There was a rebellion against them by those who wanted to maintain the old laws, but it was forcefully suppressed.

Ka`ahumanu

A year later, American missionaries, sent by the same Congregationalists (American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions) that sent Marcus Whitman and the Walkers (assistants to Tabitha Brown) to Oregon. The missionaries upon arrival took up positions as the new king's 'advisors'. The culture began to lose its distinctively Polynesian characteristics as the people were pressured to abandon non-European ways.

Hawaiian fashion and the activities which had depended upon it for ease - traditional dances, surfing, swimming - were discarded. Polygamy was suppressed, as was human sacrifice. The traditional deities were abandoned, as were many of the old customs. Christianity (actually Protestantism, since the missionaries had Catholicism outlawed) was embraced and the missionaries, and their descendants became central to the policies of the monarchy. Many became comfortably situated and left off their missions. Foremost among them were Castle, Cooke and Judd (Castle & Cooke owns Dole):

"All the finest property, and the best houses on the Islands are owned by missionaries and those banded with them. True, they deserve some compensation for their tremendous sacrifices! Have they not left poverty, an inhospitable climate, and an insignificant position, to come away out here to an earthly Paradise, where they roll in ease and luxury? In 1820, the first missionaries landed at Honolulu, and by their own account, published in the Missionary Herald, found a people ignorant, but innocent, brave and amiable.

They had already destroyed their idols, by the command of their king Rihoriho, son of the noble Kamehameha 1st, who was a man of ambitious spirit, and great powers, both of mind and body. They were a fine athletic race, their pleasures were innocent, they were contented with the position God had given them, and asked only to be left to the enjoyment of an unrivalled climate, and the spontaneous productions of Nature, their bounteous mother. What is the result of thirty years of missionary labor? Diseased, powerless, degraded, the people have sunk into the position of slaves, nor dare they raise a hand in opposition, so complete is the bondage in which they are held.

Fined, imprisoned, whipped for disobedience, they see themselves stripped of everything, by people who made laws to rob under, and therefore there is no redress. But they writhe under this oppression, and, cowed and miserable though they are, they only submit from the fear that the missionaries will pray them to death! They are firmly persuaded that this can be done, and if one is told that he will be " prayed to death," all the terrors of imagination are roused; he retires to his hut chilled with a supernatural fear, lays himself down in resignation to his fate, and in the-course of a few weeks, actually sinks into the grave. 0, Superstition! Thou friend of missionaries, and terror of barbarians!

 There are many, especially in Honolulu, in whom a sense of the monstrous injustice they suffer rankles like a poisonous sting, and the chief sufferer, in pain as in rank, is the royal Kamehameha 3d, who fully feels the mockery of his position. Noble in person, generous to a fault, he has still something of the spirit of his grand old ancestor, Ka-me-ha-meha 1st. But he has been from his boyhood so encircled by a complicated web of restrictions and curtailments, which he had not patience to unravel, nor strength to break through, that he has thrown off in disgust all pretensions to royalty, except the name, and has repeatedly declared his intention to abdicate the throne, and live in peaceful retirement.

 But this would not at all suit the wire-workers; they might not find another king so docile, or so much beloved by his people, and, aware of the general discontent, they dread any change which may serve as an excuse for throwing off their authority. Thus, for a little while they put off the evil day; but the time will soon come when they must yield up their ill-gotten power, and retire into their native insignificance. The farce of royalty acted here reminds me of a play among school-boys, called the " dumb orator," where one boy stands perfectly still and speaks, while another, concealed behind him, makes the motions. Poor Kamehamreha makes the motions, but has not a word to say for himself.

The real king of the Sandwich Islands is Doctor G. P. Judd, a person of ordinary capacity and attainments, but extraordinary cunning, who came out here from Massachusetts about twenty years ago, attached to some missionary company as physician. Finding the climate so charming, and the opportunities so great, he decided to remain. By degrees he obtained the confidence of the king and principal chiefs, who, looking up to him as a Great Medicine, accepted his advice and assistance in forming a government and making new laws, till at last they found themselves completely in his power. He gave the principal state offices to his fast friends, reserving to himself that of Minister of Finance, which he still holds, and which, for many years, he administered without being responsible to anybody.

At last, so much complaint was made of his expenditure and use of the public monies, that an auditor was appointed, but always a creature of his own, who was very useful, for he did his bidding and formed his shield, at the same time. Meanwhile, his purchases and grants of land were immense, and, it is a matter of record, in the Government House, that he purchased at one time seventeen thousand acres of land for fifty cents! But if the king bestows a house and lot upon some faithful old servitor or friend, of whom Mr. Judd does not approve, lie is forthwith thrust out of it, and told to go about his business. The king's allowance is $12,000 per annum. A pitiful sum to keep up his extensive establishment, and gratify his liberality, which is truly royal. But nobody will give him credit, for even his note is not good except it has the signature of the Premier, who of course obeys Mr. Judd.

Meanwhile the king is penniless, and must have money; his faithful servant, Mr. Judd, loans it to him at a good rate of interest, and a mortgage on his land; the poor king, never able to pay, sees in despair the heritage of his fathers passing into the hands of his overgrown subject, whose arrogance and possessions hourly increase, until there is nobody in the eyes and mouths of the people, nobody in the estimation of foreigners, nobody, in fact, in all the Sandwich Islands, but Mr. Judd, Minister of Finance. Consuls, Minister of Foreign Relations, Ministers Plenipotentiary, all sink into insignificance, and, if any foreigners either American or otherwise, hopes to obtain favor, either from government or society, he pays assiduous court, not to the king, nor to the representative of his nation, but to Mr. Judd.

The laws and statutes, which were made and compiled under the fostering care of the Minister of Finance, are, a complete system of loopholes, through which, if a man chooses, he can slip with a large load upon his back, and even carry off whole plantations, if necessary. What a wonderful adaptation of means to ends.

Freedom of the press is one of the articles guarantied by the Hawaian constitution. For a long time, the people, especially foreign residents here, have been aware of the pressure of this " Old Man of the Sea " upon their necks, and desirous of unhorsing him. Already their trade was crippled by his exactions, their plantations ruined, and commerce destroyed. They believed their best remedy would be a liberal newspaper, which, by exposing the government, would eventually insure redress.

Accordingly, a weekly journal was commenced, which commented pretty freely upon the proceedings of the privy council and king Judd. The latter, wishing to obtain a certain offensive manuscript, invited the compositor to his house, and after plying him freely with wine, offered him three hundred dollars in geld if he would break open a certain trunk, where he knew it was deposited, and obtain it. The compositor, now very tipsy, consented, broke open the trunk, deposited the obnoxious paper in the hands of Mr. Judd, who immediately put him on board a schooner in waiting, and sent him down to Lahaina. The parties robbed, discovering the theft, pursued and brought the culprit back, who, now thoroughly sober, and full of remorse, went with them to Mr. Judd, and exposed the whole plot, which he did not deny, but coolly defied them to lay a finger on the Minister of Finance; and they dared not do it."

 - Mrs. E.M. Wills Parker 1852

Lilohilo came of age and decided to travel to England, to meet the monarch, George IV. He and his wife were struck dead by measles there and his brother, Kauikeaouli, assumed the throne.

Above: Lilohilo. Below:Kauikeaouli

Kauikeaouli hired William Richards, another missionary who had abandoned his mission, to draw up the nation's first written legal code. Whaling became the mainstay of the island, and it was on whaling ships that Herman Melville came to Hawaii, to write Typee and Omoo, as well as Moby Dick.

The Melvile Novels online:
Billy Budd, Sailor (An Inside Narrative)
Moby-Dick
Typee

 

Sperm whaling in Hawaii 1833

European empires became more aggressive. The French fleet appeared and threatened war unless Catholicism was legalized. Kauikeaouli complied with the Act of Religious Toleration. A Russian filibuster invaded and was driven out.

A rogue British naval Lord, George Paulet, landed marines, seized all government buildings, renamed all the streets in English, and occupied the Islands until the arrival of his commander. France and England subsequently signed a treaty with Kauikeaouli , recognizing the independence of the islands.

The American missionaries had largely become planters and the Hawaiian landholding system did not permit permanent land ownership by individuals. All plantations were held in fief from the monarch. After much pressure, Kauikeaouli declared the The Great Mahele (division), of the lands, which - like the Enclosure Acts of England, 3 centuries earlier - largely resulted in the accumulation of vast lands by the planters and ranchers at the expense of the commoners. The king reserved a quarter of the land for the monarchy and its tenants, a third for the government, fully forty percent for the "chieftains" (whose numbers included many missionaries), and .8% for commoners. As a result, today the largest realtors in the Islands are often subsidiaries of the original plantation owners - B & H, Castle & Cooke, etc. Land titles need to be thoroughly researched, as things can be a little sketchy.

By the middle of the 19th century, only 75,000 native Hawaiians remained in te Islands, the others cut down by disease, starvation or had fled the islands. Many came to Oregon. Theodor Kirchhoff, who visited Corvallis, spoke of the Hawaiian miners in eastern and southern Oregon, where their labor was as highly regarded as that of the Chinese. From Hawaii, many brought their cattle ranching skills.

Vancouver had brought cattle to Hawaii. as a gift for Kamenameha I, who had turned them loose and made it a crime to hunt them for 10 years. After the sandalwood forests had been stripped bare, the cattle became an important export industry and Kamenameha I imported vaqueros from Oregon and California to teach the necessary skills. Today, Hawaii remains an important stop on the rodeo circuit.

 
A Hawaiian cowboy (paniolo)

 Others were cooks. Jesse Applegate, who traced out the Applegate Trail running through Corvallis, said that "what cooks there were, were Hawaiians". Ironically, there were also missionaries, with the Hudson Bay Company and with the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.

The American Civil War shifted the emphasis of the Hawaiian economy from the deicmated waling industry (ships were no longer safe on the seas) to sugar, since Louisiana sugar was no longer available. Sugar production is labor-intensive, however, and Hawaii was short of labor. As a consequence, the planters recruited for Chinese and Japanese laborers at $3 per month, which was paid in scrip, redeemable at the Company Store. Following the failure of the Taipeng Rebellion in China, and the 1848 Revolution in Europe, immigrants were looking for more promising homes. There had been Chinese immigrants in Hawaii for many years. Sun Yat Sen's brother emigrated to Hawaii.

In 1868, the first group of Japanese workers arrived. Overseers ('luna') were recruited from Portugal and the U.S. as well as Germany. The Portuguese brought the ukelele to Hawaii.

Above: A 'luna. Below: cane workers'

Sugar plantations were modeled on the slave plantations of Louisiana. Conditions were appalling, for the Hawaiian as well as the immigrant plantation workers.  Hawaiian workers staged an unprecedented strike in 1841 at the islands' first plantation at KÇloa.

An advocate for Japanese plantation laborers, Katsu Goto, was lynched in 1889 by 2 plantation overseers and 2 American merchants.

 In 1893, Chinese laborers staged an uprising when the overseer demanded they return one third of their pay. The planters began recruiting heavily from Okinawa and Korea, as well as the Phillipines and Puerto Rico.

Lee Wai She and children in Honolulu in 1913: an immigrant family.

In 1873, the monarchs were elcted by the legislature, as were senators in the U.S. at the time. 3 Hawaiian monarchs succumbed successively to the respiratory diseases which, together with leprosy, had replaced measles and smallpox as the imported scourge of Hawaii. In 1891 Liliuokalani became Queen.

Above: Liliuokalani

Towards the end of the 19th century,  the Chinese experienced the same poor treatment received in Oregon and California. In 1886, the Hawaiian Kingdom Chinese Exclusion Act forbade any more Chinese to enter Hawaii. In 1900, the 38 acres of Honolulu's Chinatown burned to the ground and 4000 Chinese citizens were left homeless, in a scene reminiscent of John Day, Oregon.

 

In 1893, the planters in Hawaii had organized a Committee of Public Safety (named for the French Revolutionary group during the Reign of Terror), overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy and seized the Islands with the assistance of the U.S. ambassador. The 2nd Oregon, which included several Corvallis boys, stopped in Hawaii on the way to the Phillipines to help secure the planters' power seizure.

Above: The view of the English humor magazine of the annexation of Hawaii. The preacher is Preisdent Mckinley. The shotgun is toted by J.P. Morgan, financier. The bride is ready to bolt.

Although the planters now counted on U.S. troops to help quell rebellion, the near-slavery of the plantations led to yet more trouble. In 1897, Chinese laborers protesting the notorious brutality of a luna were deported. In 1899, Chinese laborers went on strike and their leaders were thrown into prison for a year and a half. Nearly 10 years of labor strife followed, involving plantation workers of almost every nationality.

The Hawaiian Islands were being swept up in the Populists and Progressive movements that captured the imagination of the world, including Oregon. Joe Hill, the songwriter who was martyred in Utah, spent a good deal of time in Hawaii, and there formulated much of his philosophy, coming to a rejection of the anti-Asian sentiment which prevailed around him in organizations like the Asiatic Exclusion League. Jack London captured the position of the American immigrants in the islands most accurately.

The Hawaii Stories of Jack London:

The House of Pride
Koolau the Leper
Good-Bye, Jack!
Aloha Oe
Chun Ah Chun
The Sheriff of Kona

The progressive organizations in Hawaii were met by the repression of labor organizations and political opposition, by Woodrow Wilson during WWI, and by the earlier anti-Chinese laws of William Mckinley and the anti-Japanese laws of Theodore Roosevelt. The latter poisoned relations with Japan for many years and, together with the military subjection of the Phillipines (which involved Corvallis boys), and Japanese aggression in Asia, led directly to American involvement in WWII.

WWI: Funeral for 20 workers killed when the Colorado militia attacked striking miners in 1914

The increasingly dismal prospects for native Hawaiians led to further emigration to the United States and the census in Corvallis began to reflect the presence, both as laborers and as students. 3 of the famous OSU Ironmen, whose 11 members played the entire game and held the national title holder, USC, to a scoreless tie, had a connection with Hawaii, and one, James Bowman, was an alumnae of the Kamehameha Schools and the Punahou School for those whose ancestry is native Hawaiian.

Hawaii became a place to vacation for many from the United States and destination for others, as it has remained.

In 1941, the Japanese navy bombed American forts and battleships in Hawaii and WWII began. 

Next to Corvallis, Camp Adair was established and some 90,000 troops were camped there. Ironically, the camp was named for a relative of Bethania Owens-Adair, Oregon's first woman physician and the person who fashioned and campaigned for Oregon's eugenics law, which called for the forced sterilization of those she designated inferior, the mentally retarded as well as gay men and women  - exactly as Hitler was doing. 

Above: Bethania Owens-Adair. Below: Camp Adair's orientation pamphlet
W E L C O M E  S O L D I E R

It was curious that this particular kinsman, Henry Adair, was chosen, because he died in Mexico, as an officer among the black troops of the 10th Cavalry trailing Pancho Villa during the Mexican War, since workers from Mexico were being actively recruited for the farms in WWII.

 

Some 50 boys from Corvallis and other towns in Benton County were killed in the War, many passing through Hawaii on the way to their deaths. 

The list of the dead from Benton County, not counting OSU students.

A list of the hundreds of Hawaiians, many trained in Corvallis at Camp Adair, who died, is indicative of the ethnic diversity which had come to characterize the islands - native Hawaiians,  Mexico, China, Portugal, the United States, and especially Japanese immigrants and their descendants:

Above: the first 2 of  10 pages of Hawaiians killed fighting in the U.S. armed forces in WWII.

After WWII ended, the U.S. Congress designated Hawaii as a state, notwtihstanding critics who have since grown in number, and include  Governor. Caetano. Vacationing in Hawaii has become a local obsession. Immigration to Corvallis from Hawaii continues unabated.  The last census lists 100 Pacific Islanders in Corvallis, of whom half are native Hawaiian. Some are students, including several OSU football stars. The OSU Hawaiian Student Association hosts an annual luau (shut down this year over the issue of a couple of pot smokers). Others have joined us in the local labor force, in the restaurant, grocery, agricultural, forestry and printer industries. Corvallis residents, many of whom are California emigrants, surf. A few play the ukele, and others are fans of the Hawaiian group, Hapa, which regularly appears here.

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