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PINEDALE
One
of the great mysteries of the evacuation is why the government decided to
send Portlanders to the North Portland Livestock
Pavilion but
sent the residents of Hood River to Pinedale, north of Fresno, California.
Many Hood River residents had friends and relatives in the Livestock
Pavilion (see
above). Perhaps that was the intention - Mr. DeWitt was trying, perhaps, to
suppress any attempts to organize opposition to the constitutional
infringements occurring and suspected everyone.
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"A
nation spends millions of dollars to set in motion gigantic,
unwieldy machinery for the unprecedented task of separating more
than one hundred thousand peaceful and industrious persons
from their homes and their livelihoods, then herds them into ten
specially constructed barracks cities, surrounded by barbed wire.
All this enormous expense, waste of manpower through enforced
idleness, betrayal of constitutional rights, spreading of heartbreak
and confusion - for what?"- Oregonian Allen H. Eaton
1944 |
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Many from OSU were on the train to Pinedale: Oregon-born,
OSU's Ray Sato, his sister Esther- whose college was interrupted by
the imprisonment- his father Tadao and mother Shin were sentenced to
Tule Lake, via Pinedale, for the crime of being of Japanese
ancestry. Ray stayed in Poling Hall. Oregon-born, OSU's Mark Sato,
with his young wife, Marjorie, was also on the train to Pinedale.
Mark was doing graduate work at OSU. |
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"I cannot speak
for others but I myself felt resigned to do whatever we were told. I think
the Japanese left in a very quiet mood, for we were powerless. We had to
do what the government ordered. In my own mind I thought: "Surely we
will be unable to return." I was so worried about what the future
held for my children! We had struggled for many years but we could lose
everything. I was so frightened I did not think we would come home
alive." Oregonian Misuyo Nakamura, from Odell Oregon |
"I
felt terrible about our evacuation, because this was leaving everything we
had. It was very difficult to see that we could be treated so miserably
even when our son Billy was in the service. But we did not consider
disobeying the orders." - Ms. Hama
Yamaki. ed. note: With her husband Yetaro Yamaki, her daughter and son,
Ms. Yamaki was sent to Pinedale and thence to Tule Lake for the crime of
having Japanese ancestry. She had come to the US nearly 30 years
proviously and her husband 35 years ago. Both daughter and son were listed
as music teachers. |
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OSU's Portland-born Mitsuo Takasumi Below) , his new wife, Misako (Washington-born) and
their 1 year old infant, Norman, were sentenced to Tule Lake, via
Pinedale Assembly Center, for the crime of having Japanese ancestry.
Mr. Takasumi's parents, Tokuzo and Chiyo had, years earlier, experienced
the emotional trauma of watching their oldest daughter, Hatsuye die
as an infant. Now they accompanied their eldest son into captivity
with his own infant, Norman, not knowing what lay in store for their
son and his child. Mr. Takasumi's
second son, Gerald, was born in captivity at Tule Lake. |
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collective recollection – from everyone who remembers the train trip –
was that the shades were pulled," - Homer
Yasui |
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"We
were worried we would never be able to return. I remember the tears rolled
down my face." Oregonian Miyoshi Noyori, from Dee Oregon. Ms
Noyori had already survived one heartache when her husband, Seizaburo
Namba, a Dee, Oregon farmer, had died 5 years earlier. She had remarried
Shigeji Noyori, a Hood River fruit farmer, after being alone for 2 years.
She and Mr. Shigeji Noyori were both imprisoned in Tule Lake for the crime
of having Japanese ancestors. |
"We
were herded onto the train just like cattle and swine. I do not recall
much conversation between the Japanese. But I do remember sitting next to
Etsuko Abe from Parksdale, who offered to share a lunch she had made."
- Oregonian. Misuyo Nakamura, from Odell, Oregon. Ed. note: Etsu(ko) Edna was
married to Raku Abe, a railroad worker from Dee, Oregon. Both, like Ms.
Nakamura, were imprisoned at Tule Lake California for the crime of having
Japanese ancestors. Corvallis also once had a small community of railroad
workers who were from Japan, at the turn of the twentieth century. |
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| Above:
Mitsuo
Takasumi (OSU '39) Below:
His infant (in 1942) son Norman Takasumi in the Hood River High School Yearbook in 1960. |
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Altogether,
488 Oregonians were on the train to Pinedale. A total of 4,823
people were transported there, living in 10 barracks blocks, each
with 26 buildings, and a military police building, coupled with an
administration building, existed separately. |
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"I
remember seeing a large cactus when our train stopped at a large field
near Pinedale, so I guessed that we had arrived at a hot place. We were
completely fenced in and there were watchtowers with soldiers bearing
rifles....The camp was incomplete, so construction was ongoing. Our room
had a concrete floor and a lightbulb with a drop cord. Our only
furnishings were were beds with bare springs, thin matresses and blankets.
We were helpless to be confined here." -Oregonian
Itsu Akiyama |
Also
on the train to Pinedale was OSU's Mitsuo Takasumi's 22 year old brother Yoshio,
14 year old brother Fred, 13 year old brother Nobua and 16 year old
brother Tesuo. His wife's parents, Ichi and Buro Shigehara joined
other Washington residents in Puyallup, Washington, at a place
absurdly called Camp Harmony, before being shipped to Minidoka along
with Misako Takasumi's 16 year old brother Kei, 15 year old brother
Ken, and a 2 year old infant Dean. Traveling as part of their
household was 23 year old Michiko Fukano, listed as a seamstress.
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Pinedale. [ed. Note: For the crime of having Japanese ancestors, Ms.
Akiyami (left), a daughter and and 3 sons were imprisoned in Tule Lake. A
4th son was in the army (above right) on Dec. 7th, 1941. The camp
records have no trace of her husband, Mr Tomehichi Akiyami. The numbers
assigned her family, 16328 A-F show a gap in the records at 1632B.The
implication is that Mr. Akiyami was one of those picked
up by the FBI in the... |
...dead of night, weeks earlier and taken to Montona, New Mexico or one of
the other remote camps, as had been Mr. Masuo Yasui. The fact that the
Japanese government had given him an award (the Sixth Order) which was
insignificant to everyone, perhaps, but himself and the US government, for
furthering US agricultural trade with Japan. |
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Emi Kiyokawa, Sigeo
Kiyokawa, and Kei Kiyokawa - all Oregon born and all
from OSU -were on the train to Pinedale along with their father
Riichi and father Rei, 3 brothers and 2 sisters . Left: Sigeo
Kiyokawa.
At 4' 10", Kei Kiyokawa was the starting
pitcher for OSU's varsity team (right) and played football as
well. He is one of the
Nisei Hall of Famers. |
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Left:
"In
addition to Elliott, Coleman also has Gene Williams, Bud Patterson and the
diminutive Kei Kiyokawa, all throwing from the 'wrong side'" [ed.
note 'wrong side' means lefties]. From the Gazette Times, March 26, 1942 - the day before the
Mar. 24 curfew became effective. |
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Right:
OSU's Ray Yasui, his wife and sister in law - all from OSU - were on the
train as well. Mr. Yasui's mother, Shidzuyo
Yasui,17 year old brother Homer, and 14 year old sister, his uncle
and aunt, Renichi
and Matsuyo Fujimoto were all on the train to Pinedale, as were
his wife's mother Ichino, father Yasuta, and brother Bob. |
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Right:
Mr Homer Yasui, brother of OSU's Ray Yasui. Those familiar with the cultural evolution of
the nation will believe they recognize the 'James Dean Look' (below
right).
However, this photo predates Dean by years. In truth, James Dean was
sporting the 'Homer Yasui Look'. Easily recognizable today ( see
below), he generously gives time to speaking of his experiences. |
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| Above:
OSU's Ray Yasui, who was the eldest son and took on a good deal of
responsibility after his father's imprisonment in Ft. Missoula, Montana on Dec. 12, along with Senichi
Tomihiro (see earlier) |
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Below
right: "Homer and Miki Yasui field questions"
at a school in Fort Missoula, Montana
where his father was imprisoned. Below is a picture of a guard tower at
Fort Missoula in 1943. |
Masuo
Yasui was held at Fort Missoula until around April, 1942, after which he
was transferred to Fort Sill, OK, then Louisiana and then to New Mexico "for
reasons known only to the Army and to the Justice Department." The
guard booths at Missoula are intact today (far left), in storage at the
fort. |
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Frosty night
Listening to rumbling train.
We have come a long way.
-Senbinshi
Takaoka, 1942
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Tule Lake |
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Right:
the trucks for Tule. "Like
cattle we were herded through the gates onto an army truck."
- Oregonian Itsu Akiyama of Oak Grove, Oregon, about the ride from
Pinedale. |
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From Pinedale, Hood River Oregonians, including a goodly
number of OSU alums and students, were shipped to the more permanent
concentration camp at Tule Lake. OSU students who remained in Corvallis were told to
report and joined others from Salem, Independence and
elsewhere on the train to Tule.
Immigration from Japan had been ended in
1924. Thus, no one on the train to Pinedale had been in the country less
than 17 years, except for children. There were many children at Pinedale,
where Californians had joined Oregonians. There were 60 infants alone,
less than a year old, who would grow to preschool age in the cramped
quarters of the concentration camp (see below).
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The Army had
decided upon Tule Lake early on as a site for a "permanent"
concentration camp. Above: April 1942. "Beauford
Hayden, Supt. Klamath Reclamation Project, pointing to a chart showing the
location of the site selected for the Tule Lake War Relocation Authority
center, just south of the Oregon border, for housing 10,000 evacuees of
Japanese ancestry." - NARA |
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"If
we are to succumb to the flames of race hate, which spread with fury to
every markedly different group within a nation, we will be destroyed
spiritually as a democracy." - Dillon Myer, administrator of
the concentration camps (War Relocation Authority or WRA), in Ansel Adams'
Free and Equal, 1944 |
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Above::
The "crime" defined: "For Persons of Japanese Ancestry".
The sign at Tule Lake concentration camp. Beyond this sign, people could
be shot at will by the guards. By the end of 1943, EuroAmericans of sound
mind and body were headed to the Fronts. The camp guards were recruited
from others. |
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The trucks of Tule. |
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Above:
The guard tower at Jerome, Arkansas, where OSU alum Emi Kiyokawa (left)
and family ended under Mr. Myer's regime. Reading Mr. Myers'
interview at the Truman Library, one might easily form the opinion
that - as a declared 'liberal' - he fought the imprisonment tooth and nail
and certainly never participated in it. It's an illusion. |
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The
2 doors in the photo above give some idea of the space allotted
to households at in the camps. They represent 2 different living units.
Barely visible at left is the window of the unit on left. |
Above:
OSU's Emi Kiyokawa. Eventually the Quakers (American Friends) were able to
secure her release from Tule, along with her 2 brothers, also of OSU, on condition they
moved to Philadelphia. |
Above:
OSU's Emi Kiyokawa at work in the Finance
section of the American Friends Service Committee in Philadelphia.
The AFSC, a Quaker-affiliated group, like the Quakers themselves, assisted
as best they could. |
There
were others. Some explained their actions as necessary because there were
those who threatened the safety of Americans of Japanese descent, a point
of view our Allen Eaton contested: |
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Left:
" a garden belonging to Mr. Fukudi
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note: a misspelling: There were no Fukudis in Tule Lake or elsewhere.
There were Fukudas aplenty.]
at Tule Lake Center. They were taken on an overcast day in August 1945.
Rich in color and interesting in composition, the garden is a good example
of what can be done by utilizing the rough materials at hand, most of
which would be regarded as valueless, if not as liabilities by the average
person..." |
"...Odds and ends of wood have been shaped into pickets for the white
fence enclosure, and bark-covered slabs from the fuel woodpile give the
barracks entrance a rustic character, providing an effective setting for
vines and other plants." - Allen H. Eaton
Below: "Nearly
every day, Hamada-san, Sato-san, and I walked to wooded area just
outside the camp to find materials for ikebana." -
Oregonian Asayo Noji from Parkdale. |
"..For
what? According to this group, to protect 110,000 persons of Japanese
ancestry from a few hundred lawless, greedy and ruthless hoodlums, bent on
wresting control of a few towns and communities. Wouldn't it have been
better and cheaper and more just to have protected the Japanese by putting
the mob element, the lawbreakers, behind barbed wire?" -
Allen Eaton |
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Over
time, people in the camps transformed the landscapes and
interiors around them at Tule, as at Minidoka and elsewhere. There were those who simply couldn't live
without gardens and had brought seed with them. Others sent away for
them and still others used native plants and forms.
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Left:
"This
arrangement of young red oak branches and other wild plants is symbolic of
what took place in every camp." - Allen H. Eaton.
Right: Ikebana |
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Below:
"Papa
spent a lot of his time in carpentry. Sometimes he got lumber from
the maintenance crew, other times he used wood supplied for our
stove... Papa gave away little tables and a lot of wooden vases -
all shapes and sizes. - Oregonian
Asayo Noji from Parkdale. |
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Right:
"A
nicked drain tile, a willow branch, a picnic box, a poem written on
the blank side of a strip of wall paper - these are the simple
ingredients. The brick-red tile (flower vase) has the nicked side
turned to the wall, the willow branch is trimmed and arranged
according to accepted standards, with the fallen leaf on the ground
to suggest autumn." - Allen H. Eaton |
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Right:
"During
a preliminary survey of the camp, the writer stopped at a barracks
home hoping to obtain some needed information. The resident was not at
home but while speaking with his wife, the writer noticed a very
interesting wood carving on the wall, and asked if it had come from
Japan. She said no, that her husband had done it; but he never
submitted it for public showing , believing it not good
enough..." |
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being assured that there was difference of opinion on the point of its
quality, the lady shyly brought to light three or four more pieces, all of
such merit that permission was asked to have them photographed. -
A. Eaton |
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As
people turned to spiritual resources to assist in overcoming troubled
waters rising round, so they turned to the arts to sustain them. Having
been plundered by their own communities and their own government, the
tools and the raw materials were often simply gathered from the natural
world or from discards found within the confines of the barbed wire. |
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"There were at
first almost no carving tools in camp life so the men made
their own from discarded saw blades, worn down files, automobile springs
and other waste metals, and in the absence of good lumber, they picked
over and used pine slabs from the fuel piles. These slabs were covered with bark on the outside but had enough solid wood on the inside for
carving" - Allen H. Eaton
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intact, and
polished by hand. A little water was placed in the well and the
'India ink" stick moistened and rubbed against the stone until
the right consistency was produced." - Allen H. Eaton |
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The training
and talent of artists in the camp was tossed aside by a nation in need of
them, at the instigation of hard-core racists bent upon their destruction.
Left: Reiko Kumasaki, child-star who had a
toe-dance contract with a movie studio prior to her imprisonment, shown
here at a talent show to raise money for the Tule high school yearbook. -WRA |
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Left:
"Henry
Ushijima, formerly a sound
engineer in Hollywood, plays dance records at a dance given by the Girls'
Recreation Committee at Manzanar" concentration
camp. Below: Tule Lake
Orchestra. Center: Woody Ichihashi's big band sound, the Downbeats, at
Tule Lake. |
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Left:
"Lumber
scraps are utilized for auxiliary furniture at Santa Anita Park assembly
center for evacuees of Japanese ancestry. " Among
this family's few possessions will be seen baseball equipment, as sports,
too, were utilized for emotional support, and to provide some minimal
recreation for the groups which the communities gave priority - the
children and the aged. Baseball (right) reigned. Music (far right) was not
neglected. |
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TULE
LAKE II
Life went on at Tule Lake, as in the
other concentration camps. Children grew, older people grew aged. For
many, lives were destroyed and for others, foundations were laid.
Weddings, births, anniversaries and deaths were celebrated, with the
haunting photos of the occasions reflecting the circumstances. New
avocations were found, older ones were necessarily abandoned and not only
to the detriment of the individual but also to a resource-strapped nation
and especially to the communities from whence they came. One of the latter
was Corvallis. |
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Left:
"H.
Niva [ed. note: Mr.
Hiro Niwa, a student at the University of California at Berkeley] had
come to this country expecting to become a painter. 'Then, when I heard
music in America, I took up the violin.' The wartime evacuation program
interrupted preparations for concert work and teaching. In camp he became
famous for another interest which had fascinated him from childhood. 'I'm
crazy a long time about birds' he said." - Allen H. Eaton.
Hiro Niwa was 57 when
he was imprisoned at Tule Lake. At 61 upon his release, it's unlikely he was able to
complete his schooling, and later play professionally, or teach. His plans
ended at Tule Lake concentration camp most likely.
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| Standing
afar
by wilted flower
Tear trickles
down.
- Tule Lake haiku by Neiji Ozawa |
Above:
a new born at Tule, from Life Magazine: "There
were a lot of unnecessary deaths in camp. You wouldn't believe it. It's
just that there were not enough people to watch the patients, not enough
professionals." |
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Left:
Former shop keepers Joseph Gerald Osamu Sakamoto, 80, and Mary Ann Tsuchi
Sakamoto, 80,from the Pacific Northwest, where they had lived for 47
years, celebrate their 50th wedding anniversary. When the two were born,
in 1863, Abraham Lincoln was president. In the background, the tar paper
of the barracks is seen. Mr. Sakamoto had been a sexton of his church and
was no doubt sorely missed. Right: a Tule Lake couple weds, with flowers
ordered from Klamath Falls. - NARA |
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I
remember a pregnant woman came in with just terrible pain, and she was
having what we call abnuptio placenta, where there’s bleeding in the
uterus and it's absolutely necessary to operate right away and do a
Caeserean section. But there was no doctor to do the surgery. The woman
died of a hemorrhage without delivering her baby."-
Below: Joan Yasui, daughter of OSU' Ray Yasui,
first
Tule Lake baby born, from the 1960 Hood River year book. |
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Right:
Letters
were written to and from the camps, as people tried to maintain
relationships with friends, loved ones, teachers and pastors.
Letters were always subject to censors. "All
our letters were censored, all our letters were cut in parts." - Violet
de Cristoforo. Photo at right from the
Library of Congress. |
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Most residents
in the camp who could work, did so. Much of the work was devoted to the
maintenance of the camp itself. Beyond the official expenses of the camps,
the cost in labor was enormous. Below: " I
probably worked from about seven o'clock in the morning to about six
o'clock at night." - Hatsumi Nishimoto |
"They
had about three Caucasian nurses. Of course they took all the top
priority jobs, and they didn't do any work. They just kind of watched
over us and ran around the halls."-Oregonian
Emi Somekawa, Oregon Nursing
School. Below: the WRA caption, from Tule, is: "Army
nurse tends segregee baby." -Oregonian Emi Somekawa, Oregon
Nursing School. |
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The sorry
waste of resources in the concentration camps came at a time when money
and highly skilled workers were not 'to be had'. The people imprisoned at Tule Lake alone could
have filled the shortage at Portland's Kaiser Shipyards (see ad
below). |
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Above:
"A wintry view of
early construction work on the Tule Lake schools. All work is being done
by evacuees of Japanese ancestry." -NARA |
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Above:
"A view
of evacuee farmers at work on a semi-automatic-feeding, rotary potato
planter." NARA |
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Nowhere was
the shortage of workers greater than on farms, especially sugar beet farms
where wages were low and work was hard. |
Oregon
Governor Sprague had always believed that those imprisoned would be
available for slave labor on Oregon farms. |
He hadn't
bargained on the need to house and feed them and when labor for Oregon
farms lacked, he turned to the US government. |
The
NARA caption for the photo below, refers to an ambulatory patient shipped to
Tule Lake, " moved directly from the pullman
car to an awaiting ambulance." Bendetsen had promised himself:
" a single drop of Japanese blood"... |
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"The
greatest pool of idle labor in all the west exists within a day's ride of
the fields where the labor is needed. This labor is to be found in the WRA
camps for Japanese evacuees....According to information given me today
only 6000 of the 15000 in camp pretend to do any work, 9000 live in
absolute idleness." -
Oregon Gov. Sprague, 1942.Nothing
illustrates the mentality that characterized Mr. Sprague more. Of the
15,088 sent to Tule Lake, |
a little
more than 5000 were children. 4000 were aged.
Even if Sprague had been right, there is something very
sinister in the assumption of a Euro-American that he or she is
entitled to demand the uncompensated - or minimally compensated - labor of
others for his or her own benefit. Tule Lake prisoners sent Sprague a list
of the occupations and numbers of residents at the prison camp. It
silenced him.
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As
the beet season approached its end, eastern Oregon's sugar beet crop was
saved, according to Sprague's biographer, by 41 Oregonians from Nyssa, of
Japanese descent, who recruited friends and family from across the nation
for assistance. It was an act of undeserved generosity, and Sprague knew
it. He sent his thanks, the only such letter received in the course of the
war. |
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"Prior
to evacuation, it was stressed that it was the duty of Americans of
Japanese Ancestry to be evacuated. We have been told that to do so was our
share in the war effort. Now that we have been completely evacuated and
before we are barely settled in our new community, your good office comes
forth with the statement that NOW it is our duty to assist in the war
effort through participation as beet workers in the same state which only
a few months ago was clamoring for our evacuation...Your statement,
'Japanese evacuees should be compelled to work or be told that they will be deported after the war' is duress in the most vicious sense. It is an
Axis technique, the very principle against which the United Nations are
now fighting." letter to Oregon Governor Sprague from 3
citizens imprisoned at Tule Lake - Ichiro Hasegawa, Richard Hikawa, and
Ken Sekiguchi, Oct. 18, 1942. In the Oregon state archives |
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Right:
In reality, the camps were themselves short of labor at harvest time and
the WRA was not above impressing children at harvest time: "Helping to ease the man-power shortage that
has hit the group by working on the celery planter are young Tommy
Tsutaoka, Margaret Kikkawa, Shizuye Tsutaoka, Mary Furuoka. -WRA.
The children were
10 and 11 years
old. There
were 4,966 children at Tule. There were 50 over the age of 75. The oldest
person at Tule was Ishi Itaya, from the Columbia River area, at 86 years old. |
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Below:
"Three
doctors from the Tule Lake Hospital are shown in attendance at the loading
of passengers for trip 24. They are, left to right: Dr. Akamatsu, Dr. Ito
and Dr. Suzuki. " The
NARA caption for the photo below says that, except for a EuroAmerican
supervising physician, all doctors at Tule Lake were of Japanese ancestry.
There were 16. At its height, Tule Lake held almost 20,000 people. The
MP in the background was a fixture. |
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records show only the last 2 digits for dates. Thus, the oldest listed as
imprisoned was Hiroshe Yamamoto, 99. He was an American citizen, born in
Washington D.C. in 1843, nearly 20 years before Mr. Lincoln arrived there
as President. His father had been born in Japan, perhaps a diplomat or a
sailor. His
mother was American. |
Above:
Immigrant workers - shown on Mexico's Independence Day - in WWII assisted
on local farms, which were prohibited areas for those in the camps. Oregon
has always had citizens of Mexican descent. Early journals speak of
packers and vaqueros (from which "buckaroos" comes from). |
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Left: OSU
women heading for the fields as part of the Women's Land Army to try to
help solve the farm labor problem. Right: One of 3500 German POWs at
Adair, north of town, working in the fields. Below: Local housewives board
buses to harvest the beans north of town. Left and right below: Corvallis
recruiting posters for aged and teen workers. |
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Above:
"I
asked the camp authorities, the doctors, and everybody to send her to a
hospital outside where there was a facility to treat cancer patients. And
that was denied...when she finally did go, it was with 2 MPs armed with
rifles...she was not quite sixty. And they had guards on her all the
time...she died" -Violet
de Cristoforo |
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